In a statement, the ministry said it was "deeply disappointed by the decision of US President Donald Trump to unilaterally refuse to carry out commitments under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action", the official name for the 2015 deal, AFP reported.
Washington's actions were "flagrantly trampling on the norms of international law", the ministry said, saying it is "highly concerned that the US is once more acting contrary to the opinion of the majority of countries".
Moscow condemned Trump's decision as "fresh proof of Washington's inability to negotiate", saying that US criticism of Iran's "absolutely legal nuclear activity" was "just a smokescreen for settling political scores with it".
A joint commission of world powers that reached the deal "must swiftly and very scrupulously examine and assess the current situation", the ministry said.
Russia is "open to further cooperation" with the rest of the group of world powers that reached the deal and "will continue to actively develop bilateral cooperation and political dialogue with Iran", the ministry said.
The Kremlin had previously warned Washington against abandoning the landmark 2015 deal, saying this would deal a heavy blow to international relations and non-proliferation efforts.